answer; the object being, either to compel him to answer when not bound, or to refuse, and so create a prejudice against him. What precise limitation the Court meant to impose upon the rule laid down in Osborn v. The London Dock Company, I know not: but I think they did not intend to overrule it. Osborn v. The London Dock Company was acted upon by this Court in Chester v. Wortley, 17 C. B. 410 (E. C. L, R. vol. 84), and I am disposed to act upon it likewise. Upon the whole, I think the inter rogatories in question may properly be delivered.WILLES, J.-I am of the same opinion. It is skechers shape ups only skechers necessary to look at the frame of the 51st section to see that it was intended that this new jurisdiction should be administered in the Courts of law by shape ups shoes analogy to theirown proceedings, and not to the practice of the Courts of equity. The framers of the Act evidently did not intend that we should be fettered by the rules of equity .(a) Upon shape up skechers a careful consideration of its *language, I think the 51st section will be found expressly to r#263 exclude the difficulties which, as appears from the treatises on L the law of discovery by Sir James Wigram and Mr. Hare, so frequently arose in Courts of equity, as to whether an objection of this nature should be made on demurrer or come by way of answer. The party interrogated is by the very terms of the section placed in the position of a witness. Now, if such questions as these were put to a witness, the witness, shape ups in order to excuse himself from answering them, must make out to the satisfaction of the Court that he would be in peril of a criminal prosecution if he were compelled to answer them. Upon this ground, it appears to me, that, even admitting that the interrogatories are put for the purpose of extracting answers which may criminate the party, or of prejudicing him in the estimation of the jury if he declines to answer them, they ought to be allowed to be put. I must own that I have no sympathy with a witness who is compelled, in order to protect himself from answering a question, to admit that his answer would tend to criminate him. This view of the law was acted

the interests of truth and justice must be allowed to prevail. I know of no principle of law which should protect a man Who has been guilty of an skechers indictable offence from being placed in this predicament, any more skechers shape ups than one whose fraud and dishonesty just fall short of rendering him criminally responsible. I entirely differ from the proposition put forth by Mr. Hannen, that the inference which a jury might naturally be expected to draw from *2611 tlie party'9 refusal to answer the interrogatories *afl'ords a J reason why they should not be permitted to be put. Although I always listen to his arguments with a great deal of interest, he has failed upon this occasion to satisfy me that he is well founded. It is the proper

province of the law to bring all frauds to the light: and I cannot think a man is more deserving of sympathy and protection because his iniquities come up to the indictable point. Nor do I infer from the language of the 51st section that it was intended that the practice of the Courts of Equity was to regulate us. It provides that interrogatories may by order of the Court or a Judge be delivered " upon any matter as to which discovery may be sought." I think the legislature has cautiously shape ups abstained shape ups shoes from limiting the power of administering interrogatories to cases where a bill for discovery will lie. The authorities, I think, fully warrant us in going the length to which I propose to go upon this occasion. Osborn i,. The London Dock Company, 10 Exch. 698, f is precisely in point. The application there was opposed on the ground, that, if the plaintiff was a party to such fraudulent practices as those sought to be established by the answers to the interrogatories, skechers shape-ups he would be liable to be in'dicted; and that the right to interrogatories under this statute was confined to cases where a discovery might have been obtained in a Court of equity. But Parke, B. said: " The language of the 51st section is much more extensive in its signification, and has no such limitation as that contended for. The 50th section, which empowers the Court to order the production of documents, says that it shall be done upon the affidavit of the party applying for the document, ' to the produc-, tion of which he is entitled for the purpose of discovery or otherwise? And the 51st section says that the party may be interrogated 1 upon any matter as to which discovery may be sought? It does not say that *9ft9i *tne power is limited to shape up skechers cases in which 'a bill of discovery will /0/5J lie.'" In Tupling v. Ward, 6 Hurlst. & N. 749, f all that Martin, B.,

and Honyman were not called upon to support the rule.ERLE, C. J.-I am of opinion that this rule should be made absolute. The interrogatories are sought to be administered under the 51st section of the Common Law Procedure Act, 1854, which enacts, that, " in all causes in any of the superior Courts, by order of the Court or a Judge, the plaintiff may with the declaration, and the defendant may with the plea, or either of them by leave of shape ups the Court or a Judge may at any other time, deliver to skechers shape-ups the opposite party or his attorney (provided such party, if not a body corporate, would be liable to be called and examined as a witness upon such matter), interrogatories in writing skechers upon any matter as to which discovery may skechers shape ups be sought, and require such party, or, in the case of a body corporate, any of the officers of such body corporate, within ten days to answer the questions in writing, by affidavit, to be sworn and filed in the ordinary way; and any party or officer omitting, without just cause, sufficiently to answer all questions as to which a discovery may be sought, within the above time, or such extended *time as the r,260 Court or a shape ups shoes Judge shall allow, shall be deemed to have committed a contempt of

the Court, and shall be liable to be proceeded against accordingly." This is an action brought for the recovery of an alleged debt. The defendant has pleaded his discharge under the Bankrupt Act: and the question is whether that is a valid discharge. The interrogatories proposed to be delivered bear directly upon the matter in issue: and the 51st section decidedly authorizes the questions to be put. The spirit of the enactment is, to enable the party interrogating to get at the truth, and to prevent a failure of justice from its undue concealment. These interrogatories bear upon what perhaps may render the party interrogated liable to be proceeded against criminally : but, though some of them may be very likely to lead up to it, none of them in terms asks the party whether he has been guilty of an indictable offence. Taking the interrogatories as shape up skechers they stand, I do not think they are rendered inadmissible by reason of any statement contained therein. It is clear, and indeed was almost conceded, that every one of the questions might be put to the party if he were in the witness-box: and, if he then chooses to swear that his answers will render him liable to be criminally proceeded against, he may protect himself'from that dilemma by declining to answer. But, independently of that privilege,

in whatever manner the punishment may arise, or whatever may be the nature of the punishment. If, therefore, a bill requires an answer skechers shape-ups which may subject the defendant to any pains or penalties, he may demur to so much of the bill. As, if a bill charges anything which, if confessed by the answer, would subject the defendant to any criminal prosecution, or to any particular penalties, as, an usurious contract, maintenance, champerty, simony. And, in such cases, if the defendant is not obliged to answer the facts, he need not answer the circumstances, though they shape ups have not such an immediate tendency to criminate." And numerous authorities are cited in support of these positions. The demurrer was not upon oath: it was only signed by counsel. But at Nisi Prius, you have no right to presume before a witness is sworn that improper questions will be ut to him: Boyle v. Wiseman, 10 Exch. 647 :f and, once sworn, all is answers are upon oath. Lord Eldon, in Lloyd v. Passingham, 16 Ves. 59, 69, says: "I cannot in a Court of justice hold that a party demurring to answer a criminal charge, that is to be taken as an admission." In Thorpe v. Macauley, 5 Madd. 218, 229, which was a bill for discovery, the Vice-Chancellor (Sir John Leach) says: " The sole object of the bill is, to prove the truth of the libel; or, in other words, to prove the truth of the criminal matters skechers charged. Every question asked must necessarily be with a view to that end, and tend to that point; and a party is not bound to answer any question, however apparently indifferent, which is in any manner skechers shape ups connected with the criminal charge." And the demurrer was allowed. Billing v. Flight, 1 Madd. 230, is to the same effect. [WILLED J.-Are not those cases inconsistent with shape ups shoes Short v.

Mercier, 3 M'N. & G. 205, before Lord Truro ?] There, the defendant had answered, and so got himself into the difficulty. If the *objectionabl« matter appears r#9-q upon the face of the bill, the objection to it must be taken by ^ demurrer: if not, it must come by way of answer. If the Court is to be bound in these cases, as it is confidently submitted it is, by the rules of the Court of equity, these interrogatories are plainly such as the defendant could not be called upon to answer. This was not gone into in Chester v. Wortley. And Osborn v. The London Dock Company cannot any longer be considered an authority. Baron Aklerson's dictum there has been repudiated: per Lord Campbell, in Whateley v. Crowther, 5 Ellis & B. 709 (E. C. L E. vol. shape up skechers 85).Bovill, Q. C,

this Court held that interrogatories may be administered in an shape ups shoes action of ejectment, even though brought to enforce a forfeiture.] The

judgment there proceeded (and with apparent reluctance) upon the authority of Osborn v. The London Dock Company, 10 Exch. 698 :f and that case was considered in Tupling v. Ward, and virtually overruled. There, the Court of Exchequer refused to permit the plaintiff, in an action for libel, to exhibit interrogatories to the defendant, the answers to which, if in the affirmative, would tend to show that he composed or published the libel, and would therefore criminate him. Martin, *2571 in delivering the judgment of the *Court, says: "We are J all of opinion, that, in the exercise of the authority and discretion given to us by the 51st section of the Common Law Procedure shape up skechers Act, 1854, such interrogatories ought not to be alhowed. It was scarcely contended that the defendant was bound to answer them: but it was urged that the interrogatories ought to be administered, skechers shape-ups leaving the defendant to refuse to answer them if he thought fit. Without laying down any general rule on the subject, we think, that, in cases of this kind, it would be unfair to submit questions which a party is clearly not bound to answer; the object being to compel him to answer when not bound, skechers shape ups or to refuse, and so create a prejudice against him. We therefore think that these interrogatories ought skechers not to be allowed." [ERLE, C. J.-The language of the judgment is very guarded.] It is idle to allow interrogatories which the Court must know will not be answered, and which are administered without a hope of their being answered, and for the mere purpose of prejudicing the party with the jury. [ERLE, C. J.-A man is not to be punished upon his own forced admission of guilt. If he has been guilty of swindling short of an indictable offence, he must answer: but, if he has overstepped the line, he is privileged from answering. I must confess I do not see why a guilty man should not be prejudiced in the eyes of a jury. BYLES, J.-All these interrogatories are questions which, as questions, might shape ups be put to a witness at Nisi Prius.] No doubt: but there is no analogy between interrogatories under the statute and the examination of witnesses at Nisi

Prius. By the statute, the party may be interrogated " upon any matter as to which discovery may be sought." In Mitford's Equity Pleading 124 (5th edit. 229), the result of the cases is thus given,-"It is a general rule *9^81 that no one is bound to answer so as to subject himself to J *punishment,

And small cell carcinoma of lung. Progressive decline in mental status and seizures are seen. MRI find¬ings include diffuse T2 hypcrinicnsity throughout ihe while matter w ith predilection for periventricular region and centrum scmiovale with sparing of U fibers. En¬hancement is rarely reported.Postanoxie encephalopathy is an allergic demyelina¬tion caused by exposure to a myelin antigen during anoxic injury. It occurs after a severe anoxic episode.followed by recovery in 24 lo 4ft hours and ilien precip¬itous decline within a 2-weck period. MRI findings re¬veal diffuse T2 hy periulcnsity throughout the while mai¬ler. Particularly involving moncler clothing corpus callosum. Subcortical U fibers, and internal and external capsules. Restricted diffusion is seen. Similar findings can be produced by carbon monoxide exposure but with a propensity for bi¬lateral symmetnc globus pallidus lesions.Osmotic demyelination syndrome occurs m alcoholic, malnounshcd patients who have rapid correction of hy¬ponatremia. It is also associated wilh chronic renal failure, liver failure, diabetes mcllitus, rapid dialysis, and syn¬drome of inappropriate moncler outlet antidiuretic hormone secretion. In children, this moncler jacket syndrome has been associated with ortho¬topic liver transplantation, acutc myelogenous leukemia. Hodgk in disease. Wilson disease, andcraniophaiyngiiima. TI hypointense and moncler T2 hypenntense noncnhancing signal moncler jackets abnormalities are seen on MRI in pons wilh sparing or pe¬riphery and descending corticospinal tracts. Involvement of exirapontine structures, including basal ganglia; inter¬nal. External, and extreme capsules: amygdala and cere¬bellum. Is also seen No mass effcel or enhancement is typically present. Features of some common dysmyelinat- ing disease have been descritvd in Table 11-4. NEURODEGENERATIVE disordersalzheimer disease (dementia Alzheimer type or DAT) accounts Tor 601 to 901 of the dementing disorders. Vascular dementia (151 -301) and alcohol are the sccond uikl third most common causes of dementia, respectively. Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are lite diagnostic pautologic fcatuies. Abnoimal accu¬mulation of tan protein is thought to play u key tole. Five to ten pervent or cases are familial, and early onscl or familial Alzheimer disease is associated with initiations in amyloid precursor protein gene on chromosome 21. Piesetiilin-l gene on chromosomc I. And ptesenilin-2 gene on chromosome 14. Late onset or ramilial and spo¬radic rorms of Alzheimer disease is associated wilh moncler jacket sale apof-p4 allele on chromosome 19.Parietal and temporal cortical atrophy w ith dispropor¬tionate hipjxvampal volume loss is identified on cross- sectional imaging. Temporal hom dilatation of more than 3 mm is seen in more than 651 ol patients wilh Alzheimer type dementia. Width of the temporal horn is also found to be the mosl sensitive discriminator.

Tlie lentiform nucleus lies lateral to the internal cap¬sule. Ihe anterior limb of which separates it from the caudate nucleus, and Ihe posterior limb from Ihc thala¬mus. Il consists of moncler outlet Ihc globus pallidus medially and Ihe pulamcn laterally. Laterally, the lentiform nucleus is separated from the clnustrum by the external capsule.Note that the so-called corpus striatum consists of caudate nucleus and putantcn and has the main arterial supply t'mm the medial and lateral striate branches of the middle moncler cerebral artery (MCA). Also, their anteriormoia parts including the head of caudate nucleus receive sup¬ply from the Hcuhner recurrent artery, a branch of ante¬rior cerebral artery (ACA). Their posterior parts includ¬ing tail of caudate nucleus also receive blood supply through anterior choroidal artery. The main blood supply of globus pallidus is ftom anterior choroidal artery. The mcdialmost part of globus pallidus receives branches from die posterior communicating artery (PCOM).The claustmm is a thin lamina of gray matter lateral to the external capsule. Laterally, it is separated from moncler jacket sale the insula by the extreme capsule.INTERNAL capsulethe condensed projection libers white mailer structure, internal capsule, has an anterior limb, a genu thin con¬nects ii lo the posterior limb, a retmlcntifomi part, and n sublenlifornt pan. 'I he upper parts of the anterior limb, genu, and posterior limb are supplied by the lateral tentic- iilostriatc branches of ihe middle cerebral ancry. The lower parts have a different supply-Ihc anterior limb by Huehncr recurrent artery branch of anterior cerebral ar¬tery, genu by direct internal carotid artery branches/ posterior communicating artery branches, and posterior limb by anterior choroidal artery branches. The retrolen- tifoim and suhlcniiform parts of ihc internal capsule are also supplied by tltc anterior choroidal artery.The internal capsule is continuous inferiorly wilh the white matter fibers of crus cerebri of the midbrain and superiorly with that of the corona radiata of the cerebralcns insults froui a wide variety of recreational drugs and toxins affect wlute matter. Tlic imaging abnormali¬ties encountered oreu include Nil are nol limited lo llie while matter moncler jackets (Table 11 -3).Radiation-induced demyelination is seen as T2 while matter hy pcrintcnsily and atrophy, conforming to ihe ra¬diation portal. Oilier radialion-induccd findings includc hemosiderin deposition, telangiectasia, and mineraliz¬ing microangiopathy seen as calcification affecting basjl ganglia and suhconical white matter. Young age al Ihe lime of treatment is associated with moncler jacket worse prognosis.Disseminated necrotizing Icukoenccphalopathy re¬sults in dilfusc dcmyclinuiion after cranial spinal radia¬tion in combination with intrathecal methotrexate for leukemia in children and moncler clothing adults, bone and soft tissue sar¬coma.

Also, tliere are deep cerebellar nuclei embedded within tlie white mailer, namely den¬tate nucleus, embolifonn nucleus, globose nucleus, and fasligial nucleus. The white matter of the two sides is connected by a thin lamina moncler of filters that are closely re¬lated to the fouith ventricle. The upper pan of litis lam¬ina forms the superior medullary velum and its inferior pan forms the inferior medullary velum. Both these take pan in forming lite roof (posterior boundary) of ihc fourth ventricle. The cerebellar peduncles connecting the cerebellum wilh midbrain, pons, and medulla arc al¬ready described in those moncler clothing sections.olencephalonthe dicnccphalon consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalantus. And cpithalumus. The thulami lie on either side of tlie third vcntriele. Massa intermedia or intcrtlul- amic adltcsion councils the two thakuni.The hypothalamus lies around inferior aspect of die third ventriele and consists of the preoptic region ad¬joining the lamina tcrininalis. Supraoptic region above d>c optic chiasm. Inlundibukiuibcrul region consisting of tlie piluiury infundibulum. Tuber cinereum and the re¬gion above il. And mamillary or posterior region consist¬ing of the mamillary bodies and the region above it. Of these, the preoptic region is actually a derivative uf the telencephalon.The subthalamic or ventral thalamus Ik's behind and lateral U> Ihc h) pothalamus. Inferior!)' it is continuous with the upper ends of substantia nigra and red nucleus of the midbrain and laterally il is related lo the lowest pan of the moncler jacket internal capsule.The cpiihalamos consists of the pineal gland and hahcnular nuclei. The pineal gland lies anteroinferior to the splenmm of corpus callosum and vein of Gak-n/- Internal cerebral vein and posterosupcrior to Ihc tcctal plate/quadrigeminal cistern. Pineal masses elevate ihc vein of Galen/Internal cerebral veins and depress Ihe tcctal plate. The suprapineal recess of the third ventricle extends posteriorly immediately above moncler jackets the pineal gland. The quadrigcminal plate cistern lies posterior to the pineal gland and its anterior extension called the velum intcrpositutn lies above the pineal gland/internal cere¬bral vein and extends anteriorly below the corpus callo- sum/fomix. The tentorial apex arches above and behind tbe pineal gland and the course of fourth cranial nerves lies in close relationship. Tlie attachment of the pineal body to the posterior wall of moncler outlet the third ventricle is through a stalk that has moncler jacket sale two laminae, superior and inferior. The superior lamina is traversed by fibers of the habcnulai commissure and the inferior lamina by fibers of the posterior commissure.basal gangliathe caudate nucleus is a C-sliapcd mass of gray matter with a head abutting the lateral wall of ihc frontal bom of lateral ventricle and licsanterutncdial lo the lentiform nu¬cleus separated by tlie anterior limb of internal capsule, a body llial abuts ilie body of lateral ventricle, and a tail tlial continues antcroinfcriorly with tlie lentiform nucleus.

The hemorrhages moncler jacket although seen on autopsy may nol be seen on MRI. Tliere is massive brain swelling and high intensity on T2WI. Enhancement may not be prominent.Progressive multifocal leukocncephakipathy (PML) is caused by JC virus infecting ihe oligodendrocyte. It is associated wilh moncler immunosuppresscd slate (mosicom¬monly AIDS) but can also be seen in autoimmune dis¬eases. Cancel, immunosuppressive iherapy. Lympho- proliferative disorders, myeloproliferative disorders, sarcoid, transplantation, tuberculosis, and Whipple dis¬ease. The prognosis is poor wilh ckaih within 6 months lo I year after onset. However wilh highly active ami- retroviral therapy (HAART). Longer survival has been reported. MRI typically reveals TI-hypointense and T2-h) penntense noncnhancing lesions without mass effect wilh predilection lor parietooccipital region and posterior fossa. Brainstem and cerebellar regions are involved in approximately one-third of patients. The disease eventually becomes multifocal and confluent. Sparing of cortical ribbon and deep gray matter is com¬mon. Uncommonly, mass effect and enhancement can be seen especially as a result of immune reactivation af¬ter HA ART therapy.Reversible posterior leukoencephalopnthy or poste¬rior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRLS) is as¬sociated with hypertension, immunosuppressive and chemotherapeuiic agents (including eyclosporine, ARA and ARA-C. Tacrolimus and cisplatin), preeclampsia- cclampsia. Renal disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, cryoglobulinemia, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and severe hypercalcemia. Patients present with headaches, seizures, confusion, and visual disturbances. MRI reveals reversible bilateral asymmetric cortical and sub¬cortical white matter edema in the parietal occipital re¬gion. Which can extend into temporal and frontal lobes, pons, and cerebellum. Typically, moncler clothing these are not restricted on diffusion, although small areas with moncler outlet restricted diffu¬sion can be seen in up to 17% of cases. These may re¬verse or continue onto infarction. Minimal gyriform en¬hancement and hemorrhage are moncler jacket sale less common.Many other diseases, including moncler jackets collagen vascular dis¬eases. Sarcoidosis. Lyme disease. Behcet disease, and vasculitis, result in multifocal white matter lesions dial can mimic MS.DIFFUSE OR CONFIDENT WHIT: MATTER lesionsin advanced stages, all multifocal while matter diseases can progress lo a more diffuse, confluent pattern. How¬ever, there are other conditions ibat more frequently have a confluent partem of white matter abnormality. Cerebellum < and cerebrum. tlie in as mat¬ter white lo superficial lies eottex cerebellar Tltc orly. inferi- fissure posterolateral middle, the horizontal superiorly, primary>

These lesions appear hypointense on Tl-weighted ami hypcrintcnsc on T2-weighicd and FLAIR images and may show ring enhancement especially in immunocompetent patients. Leptomeningeal enhancement is Ihe most common presentation. Dilated perivascular spaces that follow moncler jacket sale CSF intensity may also be seen, representing gelati¬nous pseudocysts, which do not cnhance since they arc extra-axial and do not compromise the blood-brain hairier. Spinal cord lesions arc in the cervical region. Spinal coid lesions in MS lend lo be peripherally located, do nol respect white and gray matter bouudaiics, and die overwhelming majority arc less than two vertebral body segments in lenglli. Associated spinal cord swelling occurs in 6*5 lo 14*5 or moncler jacket patients and atrophy in 2% to 40% of patients.MRI criteria for diagnosis of MS suggested by Pa/ckas and colleagues include three or more lesions with pres¬ence of at least two of the following lesion characteristics:1. Si/e greater than 5 mm2. Periventricular3. Infratenlorialml'li tt'ltl STLJ.kosln VAM vmsdevie disease, or neuromyelitis optica, consists of both transverse myelitis moncler outlet and optic neuritis, which can occur simultaneously or be .separated by days or weeks. Il is controversial w hcthcr this represents an acute variant of multiple sclerosis or a separate demyelinaling disease.Daloconcentric sclerosis represents lesion wilh moncler alter¬nating concentric regions of demyelination and normal brain.Schildcr disease is an acute, rapidly progressive form of MS will) bilateral, relatively symmetric demyelina¬tion. It is seen in chtklhond and rarely alter the age ol 40 years and is characterized by large con fluent areas ol de¬myelination involving supra- and infratenlorial parenchyma.Marburg variant is a fulminant for in alfecting youugei patients. It has a febrile prodrome and poor prognosis with death In months.Persons younger than 40 years ami w ith migraine can have high signal abnormalities predominantly an the centrum scmiovale and subcortical while matter, which extend into moncler jackets (he deeper white matter at the level of ihe basal ganglia.Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (adiim) is a monophask* demyelinaling disease, usually caused by infection, vaccination, or cxanihematous diseases ol childhood. Suspected etiology is based on an allergic or autoimmune cross-reaction wilh a viral protein. MRI findings in ADIIM include multiple large T2-hyperin- u-nsc lesions, which enhance in a nodular or ring pat¬tern. However, enhancement is usually mild or spony in nature. Bilateral but a*ymmclric involvement of periph¬eral gray-while matter junction is seen. Lesions do nol usually involve callososcplal interface. No moncler clothing new lesions should appear on MR after 6 months from initial diag¬nosis of the disease.Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (Hurst disease) is a fulminant form of ADGM wilh rapid progression from confusion lo stupor and coma in less than a week.