Every facility should therefore be allowed the sun to enter; and the removal of one obstruction to the greatest amount of sunshine is, placing the length of the central straw-barn north and south ; and, in settling this point, the straw-barn, thrashing-machine, and stackyard will, shape ups as a consequence, be in a line north and south. This being the case, the building required to accommodate the thrashing-machine and its accompanying corn-barn being always twostoreyed, a convenient position for the granaries will be to place them skechers shape ups east and west, where they will form a good screen from the north wind. Here, then, we have fixed a principle for the construction of steadings which is

This principle the authors regard as extensible to all classes of steadings, and to steadings of all

different dimensions; and they consider them convenient or the reverse, in proportion as they adhere or deviate from it.
Surprise is expressed that stackyards are never placed shape up skechers under a roof. Now that we are familiar with roofs-light, elegant, of extensive span, and not upon the whole very expensive-it is certainly to be wondered at that we observe so few large spaces so enclosed, especially for the protection of articles liable to injury from the weather, variable and severe as that too often is in our climate. The advantages of such a covering in the case of corn are great and obvious. As no injury could arise from the weather, the thatching of stacks would be at once dispensed with. The preparation of the straw and ropes for thatching, the time and labour spent in the operation, the injury to the straw thus employed, would be among the items entirely saved. skechers shape-ups The stacks would be protected from the attacks of birds, and more easily also from vermin; they might be built of any form or size ; and the people employed in taking in corn to be thrashed would not be exposed to bad weather in winter. The space left unoccupied as the corn began to diminish in bulk, might be employed for many useful purposes where shelter is required.

• indispensable-namely, that the straw-barn should occupy the centre ; that the thrashing-machine shape ups shoes should be nearest to it and in a line with it; that the stackyard should be near the thrashing-machine ; and that all three should be in a line north and south. And as all steadings for skechers arable culture have straw-barn, thrashing-machine, and stackyard, it follows that this principle is applicable to all steadings erected for that purpose."- (P. 6.)

basis of arrangement. As the centre is the nearest point to the circumference, it is obvious that skechers shape-ups the original receptacle for the straw should occupy the central point of the steading.
" There can be no exception," it is stated, " to this rule for every variety of farming where straw is in use. Every apartment occupied by stock should thus encircle the straw-barn. Different classes and ages of stock require different quantities and kinds of straw, so that those which require the most should be placed skechers shape ups nearest the straw-barn ; and in all cases straw should be carried short distances, and not at all from any other apartment than direct from the straw-barn.
" The thrashing-machine supplies the straw at once to the straw-barn ; that machine should therefore be erected nearest to it. The stackyard supplies the corn direct to the thrashing-machine, and should thus, be contiguous to it; and as the corn and straw are thrashed shape up skechers most easily and quickly in a straight line, it follows that the stackyard, thrashing-machine, and straw-barn should be in a straight line ; and it also follows, that as the straw-barn should be in the centre of the steading, and as the thrashingmachine intervenes between it and the stackyard, the stackyard should be placed on the outside of the steading. Another important corollary, as regards the construction of the steading, follows from these premises. The sun is an important source of warmth, and, in consequence, of comfort, to the animals in a steading in the winter season.

  Profusely illustrated with wood and copper engravings, that the least experienced can scarcely fail to understand them, while shape ups they must form a valuable guide and assistant to all connected with skechers shape ups the cultivation of the soil. The landed proprietor and the factor, as well as the tenant farmer, will be enabled, by their aid, to form an intelligent opinion on almost every point in which their respective interests are involved. They will thus have it in their power to avoid much unnecessary expenditure, and to secure many advantages ; and while in a condition to check injudicious proposals on the part of those whom they are obliged to employ, they will be

able at the same time to appreciate fully the value of what is done for them on sound and skechers enlightened principles.
Four different kinds of farming-namely, arable, pasture, mixed, and dairy farming-have generally been considered as embracing all the branches of husbandry practised in this country. Our authors, however, have seen the convenience of a further subdivision, and add to these carse and suburbial, which, although coming under the general head arable, present important modifications in detail. The kind of farming is primarily determined by the nature of the soil shape ups shoes and locality. It is obvious that the building accommodation required in these different cases shape up skechers must vary greatly both in extent and general character. In sheep-pastoral farming, we have it in its simplest and least expensive form; for as sheep are never housed in the winter, they require only a certain kind of erections called stells to protect them in stormy weather. Here, therefore, the accommodation of the farmer and his family, with a few necessary accompaniments, is nearly all that has to be provided for. But the operations of the skechers shape-ups other modes of farming are greatly more complicated ; and just as different kinds of manufacture re
Suire different extent and arrangement of premises, so do they emand very different building accommodations. And it may be oberved that every kind of arrangement of this kind calculated to lessen manual labour and aid in the details of practice, as well as the best kinds of implements and machinery tending to the same purpose, is becoming every day more and more important; for the wages of farm servants, and the general expenses of working a farm, are now so considerable, that they threaten to absorb an undue share of the profit. These, indeed, are likely to increase rather than diminish, unless they can be lightened in the manner to which we have just alluded.

peculiar training, such as few architects have enjoyed. They require an intimate knowledge of the principles-why should we skechers shape ups not say, the philosophy ?-of the different modes of farming; of what contributes to the health of stock by ventilation and otherwise, convenience of feeding, and many other particulars, which can be expected to be familiar only to the practical farmer. It is the want of this knowledge that has occasioned the anomalies we continually witness even in handsome and expensive onsteads, and which add so largely to the trouble and labour, as well as inefficiency, of the operations shape ups shoes daily going on there. In planning an onstead, therefore, the farmer himself should be the principal actor, or rather he should invariably be associated with the architect-should explain to the latter his requirements, and leave it to his professional skill to devise the best means of providing for them. Amateur farm-steadiugs we often enough witness, which look remarkably well on paper, but which the practical farmer might justly rank among the other evil things from which he prays to skechers shape-ups be delivered. It is only by the united intelligence of individuals conversant with the two different arts, that a satisfactory result can be attained.
* The Book of Farm-Buildings, their Arrangement and Construction. By HENBY STEPHENS, F.K.S.E., Author of "The Book of the Farm;" and ROBERT SCOTT BCBN Engineer. Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh & London. 1861.
JOUENAL.-3XTLY 1861. A
And hence one of the peculiar merits of the work whose title has been given above. It gives the knowledge and experience of one of the most eminent practical agriculturists of the day, combined with those of another who has made the architectural bearings of the subject his particular study, and whose name is so favourably known, especially to the readers of this Journal. Eegarding it as our duty to bring under the notice of our readers the more important works that appear from time to time on husbandry, we have formerly had occasion to speak of Mr Stephens's publications on this subject, whether the result of his skechers own labours, or with the coadjutorship of others. They form an important feature in our agricultural literature, constituting a series which embraces almost every subject in which the farmer is interested. And every topic shape up skechers is treated with such a precision and amplitude of detail, the descriptions are so clear and free from unnecessary technicalities.

IN scarcely any department of the useful arts lias greater improvement been made of late years than skechers shape-ups in domestic architecture. Rapidly increasing refinement of habits and advancing civilisation have created a demand for conveniences and accommodation in household economy, which our forefathers never thought of; and architects have found a fine field for exertion in order to meet these requirements. To the success of their efforts almost every part of the country bears testimony ; and it is impossible for one who has traversed it forty or even tweuty years ago, not to be struck with the remarkable change that has taken place, especially in Scotland, with the general aspect of our rural dwellings. In the neighbourhood of towns especially, and in the more richly cultivated districts, they often assume the appearance of handsome villas, forming by their picturesque variety of style highly ornamental objects in the landscape, and having their interior accommodations arranged on the best principles. This improvement has in many cases descended even to the peasants' cottage. Farm labourers are now frequently as well lodged as shape ups ordinary farmers were half a century ago, and the present better class of farmhouses are as commodious residences as were the mansions of the middle class of lairds at a former and not very remote era.
In not a shape ups shoes few parts of the country, it is true, the process of improvement has been but tardy, and much yet remains to be done to supply the agricultural tenantry with suitable house-accommodation. The rudeness and inconveniences of the older skechers structures are brought more prominently into relief by the excellent arrangements and comparative elegance of the new; and such as occupy the former, must soon be led to feel that they are not accommodated in a way suitable to their position in the social scale, or the requirements of the times. The dwelling-house of the farmer is not so different from those of other members of the community, but that it may in general be safely left to the ordinary architect. He ought, indeed, to be assisted by those skilled in the economy of the farm in choosing a site, and skechers shape ups in certain other adaptations rather out of the range shape up skechers of his usual practice, and which may be called the working part of the farmhouse. But although he might be trusted for housing the human occupants of a farm, we should have no confidence in an ordinary architect for planning the domiciles of horses and cattle, pigs and poultry, and other live stock, nor for adjusting skilfully the buildings required for the mechanical operations of a farnisteadiug.